Iran–Saudi Arabia Relations: A Study of Political and Security Dimensions (2003–2023)

Abstract

This study analyzes Iranian–Saudi relations in their political and security dimensions during the period 2003–2023, a phase that witnessed major transformations in the structure of the Gulf and Middle Eastern regional order. It seeks to explain the nature of interaction between the two states through ideological and strategic determinants, drawing on multiple theoretical approaches—namely Political Realism, Role Theory, and the Regional Security Complex framework. The findings indicate that Iranian–Saudi relations have fluctuated between rivalry, confrontation, and cautious rapprochement due to competing regional roles and divergent perceptions of security and stability. Internal and external determinants—particularly ideology and national interest—were found to be the main drivers shaping their foreign policies. The 2023 Chinese-brokered agreement to restore diplomatic ties marks a pragmatic shift toward managing differences rather than escalating conflict, without eliminating the structural roots of tension. The study thus contributes to understanding power and security dynamics in the Gulf and highlights the need for institutionalized mechanisms of regional dialogue and cooperation.